Executive functions

“Executive functions” refer to a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behaviour. These functions help manage thoughts and actions to achieve goals. They include skills such as:

Task Initiation: The ability to begin tasks in a timely fashion.
Planning and Organisation: The capacity to plan and organise activities and tasks.
Working Memory: This involves holding information in mind while performing complex tasks.
Cognitive Flexibility: Also known as mental flexibility, it’s the ability to adapt to new situations, switch between tasks, and think about multiple concepts simultaneously.
Inhibition: The ability to resist impulsive responses and behaviours.
Emotional Control: Managing emotions to achieve goals, complete tasks, or control and direct behaviour.
Self-Monitoring: Monitoring one’s own performance and measuring it against a standard of what is needed.

These executive functions are primarily associated with the frontal lobes of the brain. They play a key role in decision making, problem-solving, and behaviour regulation. Impairments in executive functions can be observed in various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including ADHD, autism, and after brain injuries.